Anorectal surgeries are done to correct various conditions that affect the anus and rectum. Patients may develop an anorectal abscess or fistula (an infected tunnel between the skin and the anus), for example, that require surgical intervention. This can be done in a variety of ways to control infection and preserve as much function as possible. Anal abscesses will usually necessitate incision and drainage procedures while chronic fistulas can be managed with seton drainage followed by more advanced surgical approaches. Anal fissures (small tears) can also develop and typically present with anorectal pain. This condition is usually treated with conservative measures, but many times may require surgical intervention to help the fissure heal and the pain to resolve. Lateral internal sphincterotomy, where a small cut is made on the internal anal sphincter, can be done to help relax the anal muscles, relieve the pain of the fissure and allow it to heal. Hemorrhoids are also a common condition that can affect the anorectal region.
While changes in diet and increasing fluid intake are usually all that is needed to help with hemorrhoids, surgery can play a role in the management of the more painful and chronic hemorrhoid symptoms. Rubber band ligation of bleeding hemorrhoids is a simple and relatively painless procedure in which a rubber band is applied to cut off the blood supply to the hemorrhoid, causing it to shrink and fall off. This procedure can be done on certain types of hemorrhoids while other types may need to be surgically removed.
Sometimes polyps or small masses can develop in the rectum, which may be amenable to removal by minimally invasive means. When these growths meet specific criteria, minimally invasive surgery can be done transanally with special instrumentation to avoid the need for more invasive procedures.